Been having this idea for awhile, and since you can freeze to death without a heat source, why not burn to death if it's too hot? Biomes like Deserts and Volcanic planets lend themselves well to this, requiring special equipment to traverse safely, or at least in the case of deserts, shade during the day. Second, having Tidally locked planets could make for fun construction opportunities, the ability to have eternal day, night, or twilight depending on where you go on the surface. This could eventually be used if they implement sunlight being a factor in plant growth speed, solar panels, etc.
I was just about to suggest tidally locked planets; I'm glad to see the idea has already been suggested (though unforgivably ignored!). As Gantros mentioned, tidal locking is the process that causes the same side of a celestial body to always face another celestial body (as the wikipedia article I linked explains, our moon is a prime example... the same side always faces the Earth). Creating tidally-locked planets in Starbound would open up interesting colonization and exploration possibilities, such as environments that are radically different on the same planet - for example, arid on one side and frozen on the other - as well as allowing players to build homes that are in constant daylight, starlight, or dusk. Random side note... the idea occurred to me while reading Gregory Benford's amazing Galactic Center series. I strongly urge all lovers of sci-fi to check them out.
I was thinking about this myself. I've seen some mods that add in planets that are locked one way or the other, but never anything like a moon's dark side. That said, it would be interesting if two players on opposite sides of a normal planet could experience day and night differently. Though I guess that is a tangential topic.
If I understand you correctly, you're suggesting some kind of dynamic night/day cycle, so that if two players are on opposite sides of a planet, one will be experiencing daytime while the other is experiencing night-time? I hadn't thought of that, but yeah, that's absolutely a natural evolution of the tidal-locking idea. I like it!
something I also thought of was to have planets with toxic atmospheres, and require special equipment outside of sealed structures.