awesome description and info about the error and your setup! i want to bash my head into a wall just because so much information! we need a bit more as a screen don't you think ? starbound.log, What in the world have you been doing ? what kind of mod ? com'n do i really need to tell you that ? or that's it ? that's all?! well that's fixed easily, click the close button and the X in the top right corner of the starbound launcher! but that's cruel...
well the error means it couldn't recall a key hardcoded in the C part of starbound from a JSON file, the key "name" is the issue here. but that's really everything you can tell from this error. Not what file or where it really only says: EH! no key "name" in variant::get(hardcoded stuff). if you want to fix it on your own from here, good luck m8! otherwise post your issue and not just a screen again... please
just gonna steal swatelite's post here, the link is a nice tutorial on how to fix most problems on your own.
Still need more details before we can even hope to help you, dude. Quoting prodamn's posts doesn't help us "name" could refer to items, biomes, or just about anything else in the game, as most have a name field.